better measures of schools' contributions to student achievement. We show that while cross-sectional measures of school value … is a high year-to-year attrition in the student population, longitudinal measures of school value added are very robust … tends to be higher in highly "selective" (i.e. high drop-out) school environments. …

This paper estimates the effect of a full year of the COVID-19 pandemic on school performance, focusing on students at … the end of upper secondary school who are about to enter the labour market or start university without having had the … mathematics and reading (approximately 0.4 s.d. in both domains). Low-achieving pupils suffered the most, increasing the gap …

. The reform replaced parents choice about their children s secondary school type by a binding teacher recommendation. Our …In Germany and many other countries, students are tracked into various secondary school types. This paper studies … capture that with free parental choice, overambitious parents tend to select too demanding tracks for their children. …

This paper examines the impact of month of birth on national achievement test scores in England whilst children are in … school, and on subsequent further and higher education participation. Using geographical variation in school admissions … policies, we are able to split this difference into an age of starting school or length of schooling effect, and an age of …

-student variation across subfields in natural science (i.e., physics, chemistry, biology, and Earth science). Using middle-school …