This article examines a form of regulatory capture that occurs when significant ambiguity exists regarding the environmental protection standards for new types of activities in the marine environment. To begin with, there is little research that categorizes the typologies of regulatory capture...

The commercial development of offshore methane hydrates will necessitate planning for accidental risk. Due to the unique risks and hazards associated with the development of offshore methane hydrates, it is unlikely that their development would be capable of beginning without some form of ex...

The dual functionality of the oil and gas floating stations namely: As vessels and as oil and gas producing facilities create legal complications. The question therefore arises as to whether the floating facilities should be treated in a way analogous to trading ship tankers? Or should they be...

Under international law, state's territorial sovereignty ends at its boundaries and any hydrocarbons reservoirs that straddle across would belong to a different state with control over such territory. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) provides a legal framework for...

Petroleum industry, though, having countless advantages, there should be many disadvantages in the event that governing rules in this industry are neglected and as a result damages and losses incurred to states and maritime environment. The current research aiming at civil liability resulting...

For many years, offshore wind was the expensive cousin of onshore wind with generation costs in the range of USD 150 to USD 200 per megawatt hour (MWh). This changed dramatically between 2016 and 2017 when a series of competitive tenders in Europe witnessed strike prices fall below USD 100/MWh,...