Purpose – Understanding customer value is described as the first Lean principle but there is scant literature on how customer value is defined. The purpose of this paper is to present a model for understanding the product and service elements that a customer values and expects from the supply...

Concern about the equity gap in the UK has existed for more than 60 years. Despite various government measures and institutional responses (e.g. the development of a venture capital industry) an equity gap still persists. Current debate has recognized the role of the informal venture capital...

In the 18 month period between July 1971 and December 1972, ICI Plastics Division, faced with steeply rising costs and shrinking profit margins, like a number of other British companies had to reduce staff numbers. Although efforts were made to handle this through reduced recruitment and natural...