Islamic banking is interest-free banking which makes it necessary for Islamic banks to take active part in the operations of the business, i.e. share profits as well as losses. Banks including Islamic banks prefer to take minimum risk. On the surface, it may seem that Islamic banks face more...

Executive stock options are a dominant component of managers pay in the United States. This common compensation feature entails two perverse side effects: driving managers to engage in manipulative practices, and generating excessive risk-taking. Tellingly, some scholars blame the first side...

This paper describes a business cycle model where financial contracting with interrelated covenants is the mechanism by which bondholders and stockholders confront the risks associated with future production-investment decisions and financing decisions of the firm and in the process resolves a...

If the creditworthiness of a counterparty is a derivative of a commodity price, there is the potential to have right- or wrong-way exposures in respective commodity transaction. Identifying them is important, because otherwise credit costs might be inadequately calculated and wrong incentives...

Employment relations are well understood. Business format franchising is a newer and rapidlyevolving business expansion formula, also providing employment. This article compares the fatesof employees and franchisees in their employer/franchisor insolvency.Whereas employees enjoyprotection,...

This paper uses a dataset that comprises information on 275 nonfinancial firms listed in the FTSE-All share index over the time period between 2005 and 2012, and reveals interesting features of the UK nonfinancial firms regarding the effect of hedging on firm value and performance. We show that...

Insurance companies can be exposed to climate-related physical risk through their operations and to transition risk through their $12 trillion of financial asset holdings. We assess the climate risk exposure of property and casualty (P&C) and life insurance companies in the U.S. We construct a...

Credit risk management is a systematic issue which requires special attention from each institution that deal with credit giving. Therefore this issue is elaborated in wide dimensions according to standards defined by the subject with administrative, financial and managing autonomy with...

Using textual analysis of earnings conference calls, we quantify firm level risk arising from the reliability of the supply chain from 2002 to 2020. Our proxy for perceived supply chain risk exhibits cross-sectional and time-series variation that aligns with reasonable priors and is...