The International Competition Network (ICN) celebrates its 20th birthday in 2020. It governs global competition by providing a cooperative forum for (mostly national) competition authorities from all around the world. In the absence of binding global competition rules and antitrust laws, it...

More than 25 years ago the multilateral development banks (MDBs) began establishing independent accountability mechanisms (IAMs), such as the World Bank's Inspection Panel, to address concerns about MDB accountability to those communities and groups who were harmed by their decisions and...

The mushrooming of Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) has represented a puzzle in international economics and international relations since the mid-1990s. A possible explanation is that PTAs are not so much about trade per se, but that PTAs are a strategic instrument in the international...

This Article considers whether the IFIs should play a role in the implementation and enforcement of international humanitarian law. It consists of 6 parts. Part I is a short introduction to the topic. Part II is a brief overview of the structure and functions of the IFIs. Part III describes the...

This briefing explains that the UK and the EU would still be able to make arrangements which are already extended to non-EU members, such as an ‘air services agreement’ to keep planes flying. This would require flexibility on both sides, but the mutual interests in protecting aviation would...

Transport policy is increasingly determined at EU level, with national, regional and local governments heavily constrained by a supranational regulatory framework. This one-size-fits-all approach has meant regulations have frequently been maladapted to local conditions, and as a result have...

This essay argues why, although an international competition policy may throw up certain benefits, the WTO is not an appropriate forum for such a globally binding competition policy. Given the complexity in dealing with multiple competition regimes in an increasingly globalised world of...

The Communication on the Arctic Region, issued 20 November 2008 by the EU Commission to the European Parliament and the Council, proposes a more ambitiously conceived as well as a more effectively coordinated approach to Arctic policy issues by the EU. The Commission’s policy brief thus sets...

The current geopolitical transition in global interstate relations from a unipolar power structure, in which American primacy was largely uncontested and generally acknowledged, to a multipolar international system characterized by the relative decline of the United States and what Zakaria...