control policies on youth gun carrying or school violence. Using data from the Youth Risk Behavior Surveys (YRBS) for the … and gun carrying among high school students. Our results suggest that CAP laws are associated with a 13 percent decrease … or injured with a weapon on school property.In addition, we find that CAP laws are associated with a lagged decline in …

mathematics among early primary school children in Norway, a low testing environment. We examine two forms of testing, complex but …How much young children should be tested and graded is a highly contentious issue in education policy. Opponents … redeeming impact on educational performance. Others see early testing of children as a necessary instrument for identifying …

Being the youngest in a cohort entails many penalties. Using administrativedata of every public-school student in … Portugal, we show that although performancegains from being 1-year older fade quickly from primary education to high school …,age-related penalties persist through a combination of grade retention, educationaltracking and testing policies. Those that start school …

aggregate level, children and youths continue being the biggest ‘burden’ to the regional economy and their deficit is mainly …