Dey, Matthew; Houseman, Susan; Polivka, Anne - W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research - 2006
professional employer organizations—on measured employment and labor productivity in manufacturing between 1989 and 2004. A major … manufacturers' outsourcing to employment services significantly inflated manufacturing labor productivity measures, accounting for 0 ….5 percentage points of the annual growth rate from 1989 to 2000 and from 2001 to 2004. Although multifactor productivity measures …