This paper examines the urban-rural differences of the height during the early stages of modern economic growth and industrialization in Spain. Its aim is to explore the extent of the urban penalty, and the changes of biological welfare in the cities and villages, in the rural and urban areas....

Many studies have shown the existence of discrimination against women during Spanish industrialization. Discrimination may have occurred in the form of pre-market discrimination, such as industrial segregation, or through wage discrimination in the labour market. The aim of this article is to...

Based on almost 5.000 direct observations on National Identification Cards, this paper offers the first estimation of the evolution of average heights in urban Bolivia for the decades 1880s-1920s. The analysis focuses on men aged 19-50 years registered in the city of La Paz. Despite city's...

Entre su Unificación y la Primera Guerra Mundial, la cambiante composición de las exportaciones de Italia reflejó su transformación económica. En este artículo, descompongo el crecimiento de las exportaciones italianas en sus márgenes y luego analizo los determinantes de las exportaciones...

The objective of this paper is to explain, from a cliometric perspective, the determinants of the growth of Argentina's exports between 1880 and 1929. To do this, we have constructed a gravity model with the principal products exported each year by Argentina to its most important trading...