competitive incentives. The literature suggests that such a male competitive advantage may contribute to observed gender gaps in … labor force pay and achievement. Understanding which factors may be driving these gender differences is essential for …-confidence, misperceptions about relative ability, and some types of preference differences. Explanations involving female under-confidence and …

contribute to the gender pay gap. In this paper, we ask: How does gender affect how individuals react to competition against …Gender differences in competitive behavior have been well documented by economists and other social scientists; however …, the bulk of the research addresses competition with others and excludes other economically relevant competition that may …

more effort against men than against women. To test for the opponent's gender effect, a contest lab experiment is conducted …The second chapter examines the effect of an opponent's gender on individual decisions in contests. It hypothesizes … in which participants' names are displayed to signal the opponent's gender. …