Firms use aggregate data from data brokers (e.g., Acxiom, Experian) and external data sources (e.g., Census) to infer the likely characteristics of consumers and thus better predict consumers' profiles and needs, unobtrusively. We demonstrate that the simple count method most commonly used in...

In this paper we study the identification of discrete choice models of dynamically optimizing consumers. We first provide additional formal results for existing identification solutions. We then investigate the ‘last in, last out' (LILO) constraint on consuming from the inventory as a means to...

Industry sentiment and practitioners’ observations link income and wealth to private-label demand. The intuition is that decreasing income and wealth increase the demand for (cheaper) private labels. Recent academic research focusses on measuring the causal effect of income and wealth changes...