Between 1990 and 2019, the European transport sector was expected to reduce its CO2 emissions by 40 per cent to keep track with the 100 per cent CO2 reduction target on the 1990 level set by the European Commission for 2050. But, in fact, the transport sector has increased its CO2 emissions by...

The twin digital and green transition will have far-reaching labour market consequences in the manufacturing sector as regards the quantity, character and quality of employment. The effects of transition will be uneven between countries and regions, different industries and different categories...

The Covid-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected women, threatening to reverse progress towards gender equality. It has made the need to address long-standing structural disadvantages affecting women even more evident and pressing, including the fact that women continue to perform a greater...

The labour market position of the lower skilled is increasingly under pressure in most high income countries. Their bargaining position is declining under the twin pressures of globalisation and technological change; and they are at risk of losing access to better positions as firms' pay and...

The spread of Covid-19 and the ensuing adoption of lockdown measures have had severe consequences for European labour markets. All EU governments quickly made unprecedented economic and social support available to tackle the consequences of the pandemic. However, these measures - introduced by...

This report provides an overview of the ways in which EU and EEA Member States regulate the immigration of third-country nationals who enter their territory for the purpose of work. Its focus is on short-term migrant workers and it presents the result of an extensive mapping exercise carried out...

This paper presents the latest results of the European Job Quality Index, updated with 2021 data, and compares the relative performance of EU countries on the Index over time. The study makes both a conceptual and an empirical contribution, by proposing an approach to measuring job quality...

This working paper provides forecasts of changes in employment levels, in total, by sector and by different labour force groups in Europe, from 2022 to 2027. These forecasts of employment levels, both in terms of persons employed and in terms of hours worked, have been produced under three...

The risk of poverty is a key issue for European countries. Irrespective of the uneven evolution of that risk - a sharp increase in the aftermath of the Great Recession of 2008 followed by an overall decrease in the past few years - people at risk of poverty represent a key target of social...

In recent years the world's two largest inflation-targeting central banks - the US Federal Reserve (the Fed) and the European Central Bank (ECB) - have revised their monetary policy frameworks in a more progressive direction. Whereas the Fed decided to abandon its strategy of pre-emptive...