Early studies often found that offering economic incentives for undertaking prosocial and intrinsically motivated … related to whether crowding out (or substitution) is likely to occur. In many cases, incentives succeed in encouraging more … prosocial behavior and are also cost-effective. However, although the substitution of external incentives for intrinsic …

Are monetary and non-monetary incentives used as substitutes in motivating effort? I address this question in a … and non-monetary incentives imperfect. These findings have implications for the design of incentives in mission …

comparison group in China, we examine how both psychological and financial incentives, together with attitudes toward risk, may … rank-based financial incentives. Our results show that performance-ranking information had a significant motivational … effect on average performance for students, but not for that of workers. Adding financial incentives based on rank provided …

During the last two decades economists have made much progress in understanding incentives, contracts and organisations … effects of incentives. Economists may fail to understand the levels and the changes in behaviour if they neglect motives like … the desire to reciprocate or the desire to avoid social disapproval. We show that monetary incentives may backfire and …