In 2012 Brazilian public universities were mandated to use affirmative action policies for candidates from racial and income minorities. We show that the policy makes the students' affirmative action status a strategic choice, and may reject high-achieving minority students while admitting...

There is a need to measure the efficiency and effectiveness of higher education in its various aspects, including the area of non-monetary benefits of higher education. Education relates to the wider economic and social effects and human welfare depends partly on earnings but also on...

The focus of the study was to determine if a difference existed with student academic level placement when utilizing traditional placement exams versus using high school performance metric multiple measure placement. Additionally, the study explored academic performance outcomes between similar...

This study explores the relationship between large, early income-achievement gaps and subsequent low rates of college readiness in mathematics among low-income high school students. Within-school course taking patterns in math are examined for the same students from 3rd through 12th grade,...

Higher education should not be evaluated based on good or bad outcomes, but rather based on value-added. Education can add substantial value even while producing unappealing outcomes, because those outcomes may still be better than realistic alternatives after considering heterogeneity in...

We examine the empirical determinants of student achievement in higher education, focusing our attention on its small-group teaching component (classes or seminars) and on the role of attendance, number of students per class, peers, and tutors. The empirical analysis is based on longitudinal...