A number of authors have in recent years stated that current antitrust rules may not be able to police supra-competitive price levels (or indeed other undesirable market outcomes) which may result from the use of price robots. This paper discusses what tools are available in EU antitrust law to...

Classical liberalism emphasizes the sovereignty of the legislator, based on the social contract. However, even in liberal politics, discretionary powers need to be granted to the judiciary and the executive in order to apply general rules to individual cases, including cases which could not be...

The European Commission’s proposal for an EU Regulation on foreign subsidies distorting the internal market was provoked by the failure to reach international agreement on the regulation of foreign subsidies and the increased amount of Chinese investment in the EU. The proposal allows the...

“Try them and you may, I say”, says Sam-I-Am to a sceptic of green eggs and ham in Dr. Seuss eponymous beginner book. I would be skeptical too, if I were asked to try green eggs and ham, but after trying the suspicious food, the character in the book has to admit he was wrong, concluding...

Based on the examples of the GDPR and EU abuse of dominance cases, the Brussels effect of the DMA is likely to be somewhere in between these two past tools of regulatory intervention in digital markets. This is due to the different geographic scope of the different rules, but will also vary...