of the sanction effect and allows for counterfactual analysis of no - sanctions. Increased ope nness is shown to reduce … consistent with the observation that economic growth under sanctions has been slow and with an increase in the relative wage of …

This paper considers the economic sanctions that were applied in the mid-1980s to pressure the South African government … to end apartheid. It asks what role those sanctions played in the eventual demise of the apartheid regime and concludes … combined to bring about the change. If one is to argue for the efficacy of sanctions, two key obstacles are their limited …

The easing of economic sanctions against Myanmar by Western countries in 2012 augmented the prospect that Myanmar would … expand its exports. However, a sharp rise in natural resource exports during the time sanctions had been applied raises …

Easing of economic sanctions by Western countries in 2012 augmented the prospect that Myanmar will expand its exports …. On the other hand, a sharp rise in natural resource exports during the sanctions brings in a concern about the "Dutch …

In response to the invasion of Ukraine, the EU and most other advanced economies imposed extensive sanctions on Russia … impact of the war and the following sanctions on bilateral and sectoral exports to Russia almost in real time. The war and … the following sanctions reduced aggregate exports to Russia by almost half between March-August, with the effects being …