, we argue that foreign direct investment can stimulate export upgrading in manufacturing firms. We find that the level of …

This paper provides a retrospective assessment of the effects of trade policies on South African manufacturing since … effects on manufacturing industry that were envisaged to flow from trade policy reforms, including effects on mark …

trajectory. To identify the manufacturing sub-sectors that are most vulnerable to this crises, we use the input-output matrices …-constructed energy vulnerability index in a flexible empirical framework to examine the effect of the electricity crises on manufacturing … sector jobs in the country. We find that energy vulnerability has a high degree of heterogeneity across manufacturing sub …