Surveys collecting behavioral frequency information request either numerically or vaguely quantified frequency reports. Using data from an experiment embedded in the 2006 National Survey of Student Engagement, this working paper finds that the structure of measurement models based on vaguely and...

The introduction of measurement bias in parameter estimates into non-linear discrete choice models, as a result of using factor analysis, was identified by Train et al. (1987). They found that the inclusion of factor scores, used to represent relationships amongst like variables, into a...

Corporate environmental performance (CEP) has been of fundamental interest in scholarly research during the last few decades. However, there is a great deal of disagreement pertaining to the definition, conceptualization, and adequate measurement of CEP. Our study addresses these issues and...