This paper attempts to fill a research gap of literature by constructing the dynamic model into which both ex ante and ex post patent value indicators are incorporated. A patent renewal model is tested using a large set of Pharmaceutical patents granted by the European Patent Office between 1996...

From 2013, it is compulsory to provide an Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) for anyone who puts a property either for sell or for hire in Spain. Since such EPCs are to be issued by qualified specialists, learning about them has become vital for engineering and architecture students. The aim...

Background: Compared with conventional top down costing, micro-costing may provide a more accurate method of resource-use assessment in economic analyses of surgical interventions, but little is known about its current use. The aim of this study was to systematically-review the use of...