We analyze learning-by-doing and how emerging market multinationals use it to upgrade their capabilities. Building on an in-depth case study, we present two novel arguments. First, we clarify the concept of learning-by-doing by identifying four distinct processes in which learning-by-doing...

We analyze how a firm's country of origin affects its investments in a host country. Viewing the country of origin as a resource, we explain the advantage (disadvantage) of foreignness, i.e., the relative benefit (liability) a subsidiary of a foreign firm enjoys over domestic firms when its...

We analyze frugality-based advantage and explain its types and implications. The frugality-based advantage is an advantage that a firm achieves over competitors in its ability to develop and use frugal innovations, that is, innovations that overcome external resource constraints. We...

Despite the growing involvement of multinational enterprises (MNEs) in foreign-based research and development (R&D), there has been little research comparing R&D investments of subsidiaries of foreign MNEs to domestic firms. Subsidiaries of foreign MNEs enjoy advantages that help them compete...