are consistent with these grades being insufficiently salient for students to alter actual student behaviors …

students from first-year courses (𝑁 = 6954) was offered large incentives (worth AUD 55,000) to attend PASS, which increased … was larger (0.89) for students from disadvantaged backgrounds. Instrumental variable estimates suggest that one hour of … estimate is not statistically significant, reflecting limited statistical power. The estimated effect is largest for students …

- on school performance. We combine data from the National Educational Panel Study covering 5348 primary school students …

We present direct evidence on the link between children’s patience and educational-track choices years later. Combining … an incentivized patience measure of 493 primary-school children with their high-school track choices taken at least three …