accountability policies. The chapter then summarizes the research literature on the effects of test-based accountability on students … on students' long-run outcomes are more difficult to judge. It is also clear that school personnel respond to …

. Yet, no national dataset measures both parental income and achievement in a consistent way for individual students over …Over the past 30 years, rising income inequality and income-based residential segregation have threatened to widen … income-based achievement gaps, even as school accountability and school finance reform efforts have attempted to narrow them …