The Russian Federation faces important economic and social challenges. By 1998 national income was little more than half its level in 1990. Life expectancy for men is now about 61 years, compared to 65 years a decade ago. The rate of suicide and self-inflicted injuries is more than three times...

Der Bericht behandelt die Probleme, die die ost- und mitteleuropäischen Reformländer bei ihrem Übergang zur Marktwirtschaft antreffen. Die Bestandsaufnahme betrifft Polen, Ungarn, die Tschechoslowakei und weniger umfassend Bulgarien, Rumänien und die ehemalige UdSSR. Obwohl diese Länder...

In der ersten Phase der Transformation konzentrierten sich die Regierungen der Visegrad-Staaten (Polen, Tschechische Republik, Slowakische Republik und Ungarn) auf makroökonomische Schwerpunkte wie Preisliberalisierung und Währungsstabilität. Bei der Bekämpfung der Arbeitslosigkeit...

The young, the low educated, migrants, racial/ethnic minorities and low-wage workers were over-represented in jobs that cannot be done remotely and were therefore exposed to a higher risk of infection or job loss when the pandemic began. Many of those employed in these at-risk jobs were the...

The labour market outcomes for native- and foreign-born adults during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic vary considerably across countries – with inequalities in employment even falling in some cases compared to 2017. In contrast with the 2008 financial crisis, greater educational...

Minor use is the use of chemical pesticides or non-chemical means of crop protection where the potential use is on a scale not sufficiently large to justify registration of that use from an applicant’s perspective alone. Typically minor uses involve crops grown on a small scale (minor crops)...

This document provides guidance to national regulatory authorities in providing greater incentives to encourage applicants (manufacturers/registrants) to register agricultural pesticides (including both synthetically and naturally derived products) for minor uses.

Minor use is the use of chemical pesticides or non-chemical means of crop protection where the potential use is on a scale not sufficiently large to justify registration of that use from an applicant’s perspective alone. The key driver for minor uses is a lack of economic return to an...