This paper studies the effect of longer school days - induced by voluntary all-day programs in German primary schools … - on school performance. We combine data from the National Educational Panel Study covering 5348 primary school students … with municipality-level information on all-day school investments. Facing the challenge of selection into all-day school …

middle school faced the longest closures. A structural model of human capital accumulation predicts that the US school …

argue that low-achieving students may be particularly affected by the lack of educator support during school closures. We … collect detailed time-use information on students before and during the school closures in a survey of 1,099 parents in …

) of Norwegian schools, where between-school differences are smaller than in the US. I find that VA indicators are able to … predict in-school performance without bias. Furthermore, VA is strongly related to long-term outcomes, and differences between … differences in school quality, rather than unobserved student characteristics. Analyses of teacher grades and exam scores suggest …

the long-term effect of the Covid-19-related school closures on aggregate productivity through the human capital channel … school closure, respectively. These results appear to be broadly consistent with earlier findings in the literature. Two …

. But, they are more likely to graduate and to earn over $25,000 per year (the median earnings of high school graduates …