understood. We fill this gap by investigating the effects of having disadvantaged primary school peers, generated by random …

all due to differences in what students bring with them to school – socio-economic background, cultural factors, and the … like? Or do school systems make a difference? This essay argues that differences in features of countries' school systems … factors of the school system, as well as factors beyond the school system, account for cross-country achievement differences …

end of secondary school. We provide empirical evidence of self-productivity of skills and of complementarity between … secondary school inputs and skills at the end of primary school. Our inference relies on idiosyncratic variation in school … ability is 0.221 and the return to school expenditure is three times higher for students at the top of the past attainment …

literacy and individuals from a given birth cohort lose literacy skills after they leave school at a rate greater than …

for workers with a high school or college degree, those with more than 10 years of experience or who are males. Secondly …

percentile rankings on these tests and cumulative grade point average (GPA) in both middle and high school. Our findings provide … outcomes. We also examine a novel hypothesis that relative academic performance of immigrant children in high school compared … to middle school, which could be an indicator of change in adolescent aspirations and motivation as well as the degree of …

recent literature has relied on school attainment rather than on skills. By making use of data on adult cognitive skills from … when it is measured by the mere sectoral average school attainment. Our results corroborate the positive link between R … educational outcomes (rather than on mere school attainment) and it suggests that using a measure of average sectoral cognitive …