regarding the quantity and quality of parental time investment on the skill formation of their children. Traditional models of … children vis-à-vis home production. This paper finds that, similarly to higher-income countries, there is a positive education … better care for their children, thus increasing the socioeconomic gap. …

When deciding how to allocate their time among different types of investment in their children, parents weigh up the … about risks and returns play for the allocation of time with children during the pandemic? We answer this question by … investment to be (i) more productive and (ii) less risky than the time spent by their children in formal childcare or with peers …

-year-olds. However, more than a third of children enrolled in preschool programs have insufficient attendance, with absenteeism higher in … schools in lower socioeconomic areas and among younger preschool children. This paper presents the results of a behavioral … impact of nudging parents on attendance and learning for school-age children; this is the first experiment looking at both …

-income children. Our findings suggest that parental time investments are neutral to early skills gaps, while monetary investments are …

parents of school-aged children in two-parent opposite-gender families. In line with existing evidence, we find that mothers …