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spending. Further, pre-IPO marketing spending does not incrementally reduce underpricing or improve long-run performance when …-IPO marketing spending and IPO underpricing, few studies explore the impact of marketing spending on stock price performance beyond … investigating the effect of marketing expenditures on underpricing during extreme market conditions. Second, the authors are the …
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moderator variable where internationalization was a predictor variable and IPO underpricing, a proxy of IPO performance, was the … underpricing. A non-founder CEO had a moderating effect on the influence of internationalization on IPO underpricing, whereas a … founder CEO revealed no moderating effect. Specifically, internationalization had a negative effect on IPO underpricing once …
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