The idea of hierarchical, sequential, or intermediate effects has long been posited in textbooks and academic literature. Hierarchical effects occur when relationships among variables are mediated through other variables. Challenges in studying hierarchical effects in marketing include the large...

The ability to demonstrate the impact of marketing action on firm financial performance is crucial for evaluating, justifying, and optimizing the expenditure of a firm's marketing resources. This presents itself as a formidable task when one considers both the variety and potential influence of...