Digital technology is the representation of information in bits, reducing the costs of collecting, storing, and parsing customer data. This has led to a reduction of five costs: Search costs, replication costs, transportation costs, tracking costs, and verification costs. In this article, we...

Quality certification is a common tool to reduce asymmetric information and enhance trust in marketplaces. Should the certificate focus on seller inputs such as fast shipping, or include output measures such as consumer ratings? In theory, incorporating output measures makes the certificate more...