Consumer-product manufacturers, and retailers that sell their products, often sell slightly differentiated items for reasons other than appealing to heterogeneous tastes — different sizes of a popular brand, or different flavors in a common product line for instance. We argue that this...

"Hard discounters" are retail formats that set retail food prices even lower than existing discount formats, such as Walmart and Target. Offering limited assortments and focusing on store-brands, these formats promise to change the competitive landscape of food retailing. In this paper, we study...