For the time being the importance of understanding a firm´s equity value creation becomes essential. The corporate brand and the related brand portfolio of product brands have become the value driving assets of increasing importance. In this paper, we present a newly developed integrated brand...

An administrative fine is a monetary penalty that may be imposed by a supervisory authoritity as an administrative punishment. Such a fine adversely interferes in the cash flow generation of the company in question. The fine can be described as an investment carrying opportunity costs with no...