lower level of qualification. Over 20 percent of professional women downgrade, half of them moving to low-skill jobs; two …

spending response to these holidays. Using a diff-in-diff methodology, we find that STHs increase overall daily spending by 8 …%, with large percentage increases in spending on children's clothes and shoes of 193% and 98% respectively. Consumers with … children increase spending more during STHs. Our estimates of price elasticities range from 6 for big box merchants to 30 for …

confidence. Long-term interest rates, as a measure of confidence in the sovereign, tend to fall around spending …, spending-based measures seem preferable. Slump periods are not necessarily bad moments for such measures, while strengthening …

score matching, and inverse probability weighting estimation techniques, we find that 1 dollar of federal spending increases …

shifts in spending. In response to the inflow, farm and business owners were taxed more while residential property and wage … bill taxes were left unchanged. Moreover, high-inflow cities significantly raised welfare spending while reducing spending …