Without a school degree, students can have difficulty in the labor market. To improve the lives of upper …-secondary school dropouts, German states instituted a school reform that awarded an interim degree to high-track students upon … completion of Grade 9. Using retrospective spell data on school and labor market careers from the National Educational Panel …

driver's license to various school-related outcomes -- most commonly, enrollment and attendance. Truancy-Based No Pass, No …'s license. However, these policies allow students to drop out of school without facing this penalty. These policies increase the …

We exploit the assignment of exam form in a high-stakes Norwegian high school exam to estimate the impact of exam form … on exam results, later school performance, graduation and longer run outcomes. Results indicate that written exams … initially low-performing students. Because passing the exam is mandatory to obtain a high school diploma, this translates into …