We draw on a recent survey of European companies to differentiate between alternative modes of international outsourcing as possible determinants of market, cost and knowledge-related aspects of the competitiveness of firms. We find that internalized modes are often superior to outside options,...

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to enhance our understanding on the effects of national and subnational institutions, as well as subsidiary competences on the international market orientation in foreign-owned subsidiaries. Design/methodology/approach: A postal survey has been conducted...