I revisit the role that bonding contracts, such as pension or minimum employment terms, have on employee turnover. I focus on efficiency of such bonds as well as the necessary contractual structure that it must have in competitive labor markets. I develop a two stage turnover model that, in the...

In 2019 the number of individuals employed exceeded 45 million in Germany for the first time. Since 2020 the COVID-19 pandemic put another factor into play that influences job satisfaction of employees, as well as their organizational commitment to the current employer. Due to contact...