Why do some leaders use praise as a means to motivate workers, while other leaders use social punishment? This paper develops a simple economic model to examine how leadership styles depend on the prevailing labor-market conditions for workers. We show that the existence of a binding wage floor...

In a principal-agent framework, we explain different managing styles. In our model, there are two vertical tasks -- an upstream task for improving the project's potential environment, and a downstream task for implementing the project. The downstream task must be done by the worker, but the...

This study investigates the impact of three leadership styles; the transactional leadership style, the transformational leadership style and laissez faire on presenteeism among the healthcare professionals in Pakistan. Using a structured close-ended questionnaire, data were obtained from 128...