Over the course of a repeated game, players often exhibit some degree of learning in selecting their best response. Research in economics and marketing has identified two key types of learning rules: belief and reinforcement. It has been shown that players use either one of the these learning...

Conventional wisdom in marketing holds that retailer forward buying (1) is a consequence of manufacturer trade promotions and (2) stockpiling units helps the retailer but hurts the manufacturer. This paper provides a deeper understanding of forward buying by analyzing it within the context of...