today's students. The educational expansion was a demand shock in the labor market of teachers, which could have thus …-affected teacher with an educational expansion teacher leads to a 2 percent reduction in students' test scores. Explorative analyses …

, arguably causal evidence that teacher expectations affect students' educational attainment. Estimates suggest that the … overly optimistic about students' ability to complete a four-year college degree. However, the degree of over-optimism of … white teachers is significantly larger for white students than for black students. This highlights a nuance that is …

Students face four decision margins: (a) How many years to spend in school, (b) What to study, (c) How much effort to … schools operate and how they might be made more effective. In this new framework students have a dual role. They are both (a … behavior of students, teachers and administrators depends on the incentives facing them and the actions of the other actors in …

data on students are not available. The paper shows that data on test scores of the student's current and the previous year …. Assigning more students to better teachers would potentially lead to substantial cost-savings, even if there are negative class …