-exporters. However, many firms from the lower end of the productivity distribution are exporters. Germany is a case in point. A recent … study reports that these low-productivity exporters are not marginal exporters defined according to the share of exports in … exports is much higher among exporters from the lower end of the productivity distribution than among highly productive …

and firm-level productivity in Germany. In our preferred TFP estimates only a small fraction of this correlation is …Recent research suggests that much of the cross-firm variation in measured productivity is due to differences in use of … longitudinal earnings records for their employees to study the relationship between productivity, management, worker ability, and …