Senior leadership has two primary levers to influence a direct report: incentives and communication. Financial incentives are credible and precisely specified but offer limited flexibility. In contrast, communication is flexible but lacks precision, and must be deemed credible to affect a direct...

An agency model is proposed that identifies the optimal executive compensation scheme for a business where the owner's delegation of investment decision-making to the manager gives rise to a two-dimensional moral hazard problem relating to the levels of managerial effort and innovation,...