Leading people from diverse cultures is centrally important in organizations. This study investigates the extent to which transformational leadership behaviors are universal: by examining if leaders and followers perceive transformational leadership behaviors the same way across cultures; and by...

Existing literature has consistently demonstrated that expatriates who struggle to adapt to foreign environments tend to have high turnover rates. The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the need for organizations and leaders to effectively support and manage expatriates who are critical to the...