may lead to higher promotion standards for women. If employers expect women to do more household work than men, thereby … exerting less effort in their paid job, then women must be more talented to make promotion profitable. Moreover, specialization …

Using a panel of new firms and their employees, this paper studies the promotion opportunities for older workers within … the same firm. Survival analysis suggests that younger employees experience shorter times to promotion than older workers … and, therefore, the latter face a smaller likelihood of promotion. Although men are promoted more often than women …