Portugal. Considering only general school students, the differences between big and small cities are not statistically … books at home and a variable combining the type and location of their school represent the most important predictors of … student performance in all of the analysed countries, while other school characteristics are rarely relevant. Econometric …

(HRT) with additional classroom management duties significantly improves students' test scores and cognitive and …. More experienced or female HRTs are also associated with a better classroom environment, more self-motivated students, more …

universal random assignment of students to high schools in certain areas of South Korea to provide estimates of school effects … estimates, while causal, may also reflect peer effects due to differences in peer quality of non-randomized students. We exploit … that may better reflect the effects of school practices. We find significant effects of schools on scores in high …