universal random assignment of students to high schools in certain areas of South Korea to provide estimates of school effects … that may better reflect the effects of school practices. We find significant effects of schools on scores in high …-stakes college entrance exams: a 1 standard deviation increase in school quality leads to 0.06-0.08 standard deviations higher …

/16 years across 13 European countries. Both instrumental variables and school fixed effects are used for identification …. Omitting school fixed effects, as in some existing IV studies of peer effects, is shown to lead to substantial overestimates … restricting the sample by dropping schools that non-randomly sort pupils into classes. Ultimately, we cannot rule out zero peer …