Emerging markets (EMs) collectively represent more than half of the world population with rapidly increasing purchasing power. In spite of recent advances, consumer research of EMs is limited in scope and concept development and thus inadequately reflects EM realities in comparison with theories...

We derive expressions for the Information Ratio (IR) that can be expected from directional market timing strategies. Our results hold as accurate approximations and lift Grinold's [1989] “Fundamental Law of Active Management” to an operational level. In addition, we separate “time series...