European beer markets are characterized by major changes that are forcing breweries to redesign their competitive strategies. In this paper, we analyze the changes in the German and Croatian brewing industries by referring to Porter’s five forces model and generic strategies framework. The...

Despite the reunification of Germany more than 15 years ago, substantial differences remain between the regions that once comprised the market-driven West and the socialist, centrally planned East. Although today’s Eastern German economy is less competitive than the Western German economy,...

The behavioral equilibrium exchange rate (BEER) and the Penn effect models are compared via their applications on the valuation of the Renminbi (RMB). Considering the two models’ bases and applications, I conclude that, in time-series and cross-section data settings, the Penn effect model is...