A stochastic optimization model was developed to determine optimal testing strategies, costs, and risks for dual marketing of genetically modified (GM) and non-GM wheat in an export supply chain. The optimal testing strategy is derived that minimizes disutility of additional system costs due to...

With developments such as an increase in competition, busier and more sophisticated consumers, companies attempt to achieve a competitive advantage through increased brand equity of their product offerings. Increased brand equity often translates into increased brand loyalty, which in turn means...

Connected to an environment characterized by dynamism, the organization faces both opportunities and difficulties. It must possess a high capacity to adapt to changes and quickly respond to the environmental signals. The market or environmental instability may undermine the organizational...