, I use historical shifts in the school year schedule in Germany, which substantially shortened the duration of the … affected school years without adjusting the core curriculum. The loss of classroom instruction was mainly compensated for by …

We study the effect of school closures and the transition from on-site to on-line teaching during the Covid-19 pandemic … in the Finnish upper secondary schools. To identify the effects we exploit variation in the length of school closure …-secondary education than the students who experienced shorter school closures. Moreover, we show that inequalities across Finnish students …