I revisit supplier encroachment under the framework of a two-part tariff contract. When a monopoly manufacturer supplies competing retailers and each retailer's contracting process is unobservable to the rival, the retailer's lack of knowledge vis-à-vis its rival's contract may undermine the...

We apply variance analysis for studying the risk-sharing mechanism in distribution channels, in which the risk-averse buyer and supplier are suffered from commodity price shocks. We obtain the closed-form optimal pass-through rate that minimizes the total channel risk and maximizes the channel...