public school system. Using data from Prova Brasil 2013, the identification strategy builds on the use of an IV approach, in … alternatively, in each quarter). The idea behind the instruments is that compulsory school enrolment laws generate variation in the … child's age at school entry, which, in turn, make the date of birth within the year an important determinant of educational …

asymmetry: males do not and females do benefit from exposure to more female classmates with less school absence and improvement …