A common goal in marketing research is to understand how one evaluates products that have been filtered through some type of screening or selection process. Typical examples include post-choice satisfaction ratings, certain free recall tasks, or the development of consideration sets followed by...

Charities seeking donations usually employ an "appeals scale," a set of specific suggested amounts presented directly to potential donors. Choosing them well is crucial: if charities select overly high scale points, they risk their being ignored or even alienating donors and receiving nothing,...